The Definition of Suburban Sprawl

Suburban sprawl, also called urban sprawl, is the spread of urbanized areas into the rural landscape. It can be recognized by low-density single-family homes and new road networks spreading into the wild lands and agricultural fields outside of cities. As the popularity of single-family houses rose during the 20th century, and as mass ownership of cars allowed people to get to homes located far outside of city centers, new streets spread outwards to serve large housing subdivisions. Subdivisions built in the 1940s and 1950s consisted of relatively small homes built on small lots. Over the next few decades, the average house size increased, and so did the lot they were built on. Single-family homes in the United States are now on average twice the size of those inhabited in 1950. One or two-acre lots are now common and many subdivisions now offer homes each built on 5 or 10 acres — some housing developments in the western US even boast lots 25 acres in size. This trend leads to a hungry demand for land, accelerating road construction, and further spilling into fields, grasslands, forests, and other wild lands. Smart Growth America ranked US cities along criteria of compactness and connectivity and found that the most sprawling large cities were Atlanta (GA), Prescott (AZ), Nashville (TN), Baton Rouge (LA), and Riverside-San Bernardino (CA). On the flip side, the least sprawling large cities were New York, San Francisco, and Miami which all have densely populated neighborhoods served by well-connected street systems allowing residents close access to living, working, and shopping areas.   Environmental Consequences of Sprawl In the context of land use, suburban sprawl takes agricultural production off from fertile lands forever. Natural habitats like forests get fragmented, which has negative consequences for wildlife populations including loss of habitat and increased road mortality. Some animal species benefit from the fragmented landscapes: raccoons, skunks, and other small scavengers and predators thrive, driving down local bird populations. Deer become more abundant, facilitating the spread of deer tick and along with them, Lyme disease. Exotic plants are used in landscaping, but then become invasive. Extensive lawns require pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers that contribute to nutrient pollution in nearby streams. The housing subdivisions making up most of the sprawl are generally built well away from industry, business, and other employment opportunities. As a result, people need to commute to their workplace, and since these suburbs are generally not well served by public transportation, commuting is most often done by car. When using fossil fuels, transportation is a major source of greenhouse gases, and because of its reliance on commuting by car, sprawl contributes to global climate change. There Are Social and Economic Consequences of Sprawl Many municipal authorities are finding out that low density, large-lot suburban areas are a bum deal for them economically. The tax revenue from a relatively small number of residents may not be enough to support the construction and maintenance of the miles and miles of roads, sidewalks, sewer lines, and water pipes needed to service the scattered homes. Residents living in the denser, older neighborhoods elsewhere in town often need to essentially subsidize the infrastructure on the outskirts. Negative health outcomes have also been attributed to living in suburban sprawl. Residents of outlying suburban areas are more likely to feel isolated from their community and be overweight, in part because of their reliance on cars for transportation. For the same reasons, fatal car accidents are most common for those who have longer commutes by car. Solutions to Combat Sprawl Sprawl is not necessarily one of those environmental issues against which we can identify a few simple steps. However, awareness of some of the potential solutions can be enough to make you a supporter of important change initiatives: Be a supporter of smart growth programs at the county and municipal levels. This includes programs that revitalize development in already built-up areas. Reinvesting in neglected city centers is part of the solution, as is taking care of an abandoned property. For example, an abandoned shopping mall can be turned into a medium-density housing development without the need for new water pipes, road access, or sewage lines.Support mixed-used development. People like to live in close proximity to where they can shop, recreate, and send their kids to school. Building these types of neighborhoods around public transportation hubs can create very desirable communities.Support your local land use planning efforts. Consider volunteering for the town’s planning board and advocate for smart growth. Attend fund-raising activities for your regional land trust, as they work hard to protect prime farmland, working waterfronts, exceptional wetlands, or intact forests.Support sensible transpor tation policies that complement smart growth. This includes affordable and dependable public transportation options, investments in maintaining the existing road network instead of expanding it, building bike paths, and developing programs to make business districts pleasant places to walk.Make a personal decision to live in a less environmentally impactful way. Choosing higher density housing can mean lower energy needs, a more active lifestyle, and proximity to work, interesting businesses, art venues, and a vibrant community. You will be able to fulfill most of your transportation needs by walking, bicycling, or public transit. In fact, in a comparison of the environmental virtues of city vs. rural living,  urban dwellers have the edge.In a paradoxical but very understandable way, many people choose to move to low density, outlying suburban areas to be closer to nature. They feel that these large lots close to agricultural lands or forests would put them in close proximity to w ildlife, with more birds visiting their feeders and ample opportunity for gardening. Perhaps this appreciation of nature makes them predisposed to finding other ways to reduce their carbon footprint.

The Unbelieveable Advancements in Technology Essay

Technology now a days is an important aspect of our daily lives. Technology is constantly improving its applications and the way we communicate with the rest of the world. It is almost impossible to believe what the technology has achieved. The best example for this is the fact that the man with the name of Neil Armstrong became the first human to step into the surface of the moon on July, 1969. An estimated of 500 million people worldwide watched this event, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time. It is incredible just to think what advances on technology can achieve. If all that happen in 1969, imagine the big change that technology has suffered until now 2014. Until today I personally am amazed. But†¦show more content†¦In almost all ways because while in school the teacher gave us the homework of investigating the biography of Abraham Lincoln, the first resource we are searching is internet and internet is a way of communication because the in formation that we can find in the web is information that is being transmitted to us from different sources. Finally, the professional aspect is as important as social and education. In the professional world there is more than just working or traveling. For example, if you got a job that requires you being sat in front of a desk and you need a computer for that, that’s Info Tech as well. In the professional area the communication is extremely important in order to be aware what is happening with the company. It also help people find a job because now a days it is necessary to know how computers work, when you are applying for a job almost all companies require applicants to apply via internet. It is also helpful for people who have a degree in something, using internet you can find a job related with your career. Technology has a great impact in our lives now a days and one of those big impacts is the communication, communication is fundamental in contacting loved ones , friends, and some other relations we could have. Communication it’s also important to understand better the education we are receiving and is an easier way to find information quickly. BetterShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511193 Words   |  5 PagesA society ruled by technology; where â€Å"family† is the television set across the room, is it really fiction or are the scary accurate depictions of the future coming true today? In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, ideas such as dystopian society, the dulling of emotions, personal freedom, and government censorship are utilized to illustrate how technology, the advancement of society, and government control has blindfolded the population from the creativity, knowledge, and truth of the past. BradburyRead MoreSave the Girl Child1473 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Save the Girl Child† It is said that god created mothers because he could not be present everywhere. It is unbelieveable to realize that a gods representative is countinuously killing someone beautiful even before she can come out and see the beauty of nature. Let us consider some facts - In india , she is the goddesses to be revered , in the form of Laxmi ( Goddess of wealth ) , Saraswati ( Goddess of knowledge ) and Sita ( ideal consort of Lord Sri Ram ) and even in the form of Durga ( KillerRead MoreSave Baby Girl2560 Words   |  11 Pagesthe challenges and choices that her mother faces. It is only when she herself becomes a woman that she can fully appreciate her mother â€Å"Save the Girl Child† It is said that god created mothers because he could not be present everywhere. It is unbelieveable to realize that a gods representative is countinuously killing someone beautiful even before she can come out and see the beauty of nature. Let us consider some facts - In india , she is the goddesses to be revered , in the form of Laxmi ( Goddess

Does the Media Promote Terrorism Free Essays

Assignment: Some scholars argue that too often the media helps promote terrorists’ agenda. Others, however, disagree. What is your own position on the media’s role and impact in covering terrorist cases? Organize your reply by selecting three case studies that, by employing the same assumption or hypothesis, appear to compose a pattern that supports your opinion. We will write a custom essay sample on Does the Media Promote Terrorism? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Your answer should not exceed five hundred words (about two double-spaced, typed pages). Does the Media Promote Terrorism? The news media of American society does not encourage terrorism. The only thing that the media encourages is knowledge of what is going on around the world. Unfortunately, some terrorist organizations use the news media to gain recognition for their groups causes and goals. Most of the time, the media will serve as force to gain citizen support for the government’s actions against a terrorist movement. The only problem with having the freedom of press that the United States enjoys is that everyone has a voice. When it comes down to an American killing an American, the media is not allied with the terrorist. Americans do not like to see fellow citizens die at the hands of a terrorist, especially by an American terrorist. Timothy McVeigh, probably unknowingly, helped in decreasing the number of American terrorist. McVeigh’s act, bombing the Murrah building in Oklahoma City, was seen as so repulsive that many law-abiding people attracted to militias simply walked away. The majority of Americans didn’t want to be associated with anything like the killing of 168 Americans, even though McVeigh had only attended a few militia meetings. (Mahan Griset, p. 225) The media coverage for the bombing in 1995 gave the American public the education needed to assess what was going on in the militant organizations across the United States. No one truly believes that the media plan or suggest terrorist attacks to groups or individuals. But the action of the media has been scrutinized intensely in recent years to determine whether media coverage of terrorist events caused terrorists to choose one particular choice of action over another. (Combs, p. 179) The education of American citizens is an invaluable tool that is channeled through the media for the benefit of all citizens. With the help of the media, the people get all of the facts and are able to form their own opinion about what is going on, who is responsible for events, and how future events can be avoided. The media and the government have common interests in seeing that the media are not manipulated into promoting the cause of terrorism or its methods On the other hand, neither the media or policymakers want to see terrorism, or counter terrorism, eroding constitutional freedoms including that of the press–one of the pillars of democratic societies. (Perl) In conclusion if terrorists seek media attention and are given after an attack, their act will be seen as successful so, by not overruling other ‘real news’ media, have the ability to affect the scale of an attack. With today’s worldwide Internet accessibility to anyone at anytime the support and especially funding of terrorism acts may increase. But, however, the ‘CNN affect’ in other words may increase the number of casualties from a terrorist attack if international press exaggerating the hatred towards terrorism and ‘war on terror’. Out of this it is clear that media as the ‘voice of the people’ encourages the scale of the terrorist attack but not the actual terrorist attack in itself. References Combs, C. (2010). Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century ( 6th Ed.), Charlotte, NC.: Pearson Mahan, S. Griset, P. (2008). Terrorism in Perspective ( 2nd Ed.), Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Perl, R. (1997). Terrorism, The Media, and the Government: Perspectives, Trends, and Options for Policymakers Retrieved Febraury 25, 2011 from http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/crs-terror.htm. How to cite Does the Media Promote Terrorism?, Papers

Fashioning a Fraud Case Study free essay sample

In this article, Bobbie Jean Donnelly was a fraudster who used Travel and Expense reimbursements to defraud her company. Donnelly figured out how to manipulate her travel and expense reimbursements to eventually defraud her company of about $275,000. Had her company had proper controls in place for travel and expense reimbursements, wouldn’t have occurred to this magnitude. Donnelly was targeted in an internal investigation because she was one of three employees with the highest amounts of travel and expense reimbursements hers totaling, $115,000. One of the red flags in the case was the fact that Donnelly’s supervisor had only submitted $40,000 in travel and expense reimbursements that year. It turned out that Donnelly had been using several different schemes to accumulate such an outrageous amount of travel and expense reimbursements. The first of these schemes would be the mischaracterized expense reimbursements scheme. The flow of fraudulent behavior follows Exhibit 7-4 in Wells text. We will write a custom essay sample on Fashioning a Fraud Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Donnelly incurs a non-business expense such as a personal flight to Italy. She prepares the expense report for the flight and attaches the receipt to the expense report, which needs verification from a supervisor. She then forges the signature of her supervisor and sends the expense report to accounts payable. A check is issued to Donnelly to reimburse the expense and the expense is coded to â€Å"travel and entertainment. † Without proper controls of which and for how much TE expenses will be reimbursed with reasonable limits, it is easy to mischaracterize an expense. Donnelly also used fictitious expense reimbursements schemes to defraud her company. This type of scheme follows Exhibit 7-6 in Wells’ text. Donnelly prepares a report claiming a fictitious expense such as samples. Donnelly would use a credit card statement as her supporting document and then again forge her supervisor’s signature to gain approval. The expense report is sent to accounts payable and a check is issued to Donnelly to reimburse the expense and the expense is coded to â€Å"travel and entertainment. Another type of fictitious reimbursement expense was also created using taxi receipts. When this scheme was used, Donnelly would also follow Exhibit 7-6 from Wells, and prepare an expense report claiming numerous taxi expenses. For supporting documentation she would alter or photocopy the original receipt and then change amounts of tip or total. These could have either been forged or given to the supervisor who at first glance may not realize that these are fict itious documents. This type of fraud is difficult to prevent but can easily be detected. Fictitious reimbursements can be detected by; â€Å"expenses that are consistently rounded off, patterns in which expenses are consistently for the same amount, reimbursement requests that are consecutively numbered, or receipts that do not look professional or lack information. †(Wells, 187-188) Preventing and detecting reimbursement expenses can be very challenging and time- consuming for companies. However, in order to prevent these schemes, a company needs to have explicit policies that clearly convey to each and every employee what will and will not be reimbursed. Donnelly was able to defraud her company out of a quarter of a million dollars in a short two-year period. In order to prevent these schemes and not use up so much time, Kessler points out that there are â€Å"tools that could be used to examine and parse such data [which] include IDEA Data Analysis Software, Audit Command Language (ACL), Excel, Access, SQL, SAS—generally any database or query software. These programs can be very helpful for any company. Works Cited Kessler, B. (2007). Fashioning A Fraud. Journal Of Accountancy. Wells, J. (2008). Principles of Fraud Examination. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

The Mary Barnett Case Essay Example

The Mary Barnett Case Essay On 23rd January, Mary Barnett, the Chicago-based single mother of the 6 months old baby Alison, suddenly left for San Francisco to meet her fiance. The baby, having been left unattended was found dead in Barnett’s apartment a week later. That a mother could leave such a young baby unattended for several days is shocking, despairing and anger-invoking. The slow and painful death of the innocent baby makes understandable such reactions from people, especially the prosecutors, who have charged Ms. Barnett with second degree murder (intentional murder without premeditation). Upon succeeding in proving this charge the guilty could face up to 18 years in prison. As I am one of the jury members, I will evaluate the arguments of the lawyers and witnesses from the prosecution and defense sides. Based on the strength of their arguments I will arrive at the most appropriate judgment for this case. Caroline Hospers, who is Mary Barnett’s neighbor was the first witness called up by the prosecution. Having known Ms. Barnett for a while, she is able to give an insight into the lifestyle and character of the latter. And she is highly critical in both counts. She thinks of Ms. Barnett as a ‘disgrace’ for the reason that she does not have a husband and parties and sleeps around with men. She also thinks poorly of Ms. Barnett’s addiction to alcohol. In my view, the private life and sexual habits of Ms. Barnett does not have a great bearing on the case. But her addiction to alcohol can come in the way of caring for a baby. Again, her alcoholism does not automatically validate the ‘second-degree murder’ charge, but makes ‘parental negligence’ a more valid claim. Though Hospers is a key witness, the evidence provided by her is circumstantial and deductive, whereas more concrete direct evidence would be required to pronounce Barnett guilty. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mary Barnett Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Mary Barnett Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Mary Barnett Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Policeman A was the next witness called upon by the prosecution. The policeman’s observations of Ms. Barnett happened immediately after the baby was found dead (on January 30), hence making his role important to the trial. This is especially so since he recounts details of the scene and the oral statements given by Ms. Barnett, the latter giving us a peek into her disturbed psychological state – both before and after the event. For example, Policeman A produces the following statement given by Ms. Barnett in the scene of the tragedy: â€Å"I remember making airline reservations for my trip. Then I tried to find a baby sitter, but I couldn’t. I knew that I was leaving Alison alone and that I wouldn’t be coming back for a while, but I had to get to California at all costs I visited my mother and then left.† The high state of apathy and confusion, and a total lack of maternal instinct in Ms. Barnett’s disturbed psyche is evident from this s tatement. This recorded statement suggests that the death of the baby is more an act of ‘grave parental negligence’ than ‘intentional murder’. Dr. Parker is a professional psychiatrist who â€Å"has been involved in many judicial hearings on whether a defendant is mentally competent to stand trial and is familiar with these legal tests†. Hence, his interviews with Ms. Barnett are key to the trial. His general assessment is that Ms. Barnett’s apparent confused and disturbed state of psychology largely developed ‘after’ January 30 when she discovered the dead baby. Presently, her mental disturbance is more a product of deep guilt and shame that have arisen due to her highly irresponsible behavior and less a product of deep-rooted malady. Hence, Dr. Parker’s professional view suggests that Ms. Barnett is certainly ‘guilty’. But the exact measure of her guilt is what I need to infer. On the defense side, the first witness brought to questioning is Alice Jones – a long time friend of Mary Barnett. Her evidence is one of the weakest, for there is likely to be bias created by her friendship with the accused. Moreover, Ms. Jones is neither a law-enforcement official nor an expert in psychology to add weight to her evidence. She talks in sympathetic tones of how Ms. Barnett was going through a tough time in her personal life. Ms. Jones opines that her friend eventually â€Å"lost touch with reality†, leading to the tragic death of the baby. And she doesn’t think that â€Å"she realized that she was leaving Alison (the baby) unattended. She loved her so much.† Dr. Bloom is the psychologist whom Ms. Barnett has been visiting both before and after the tragic event. In his view, Ms. Barnett’s post-partum depression, after the birth of Alison, is a key factor in the spiral of her mental decline. During this phase, Ms. Barnett felt â€Å"a loss of purpose, a sense of hopelessness, and a deep depression† that made her prone to losing touch with reality (as suggested by Alice Jones). Dr. Bloom’s testimony is quite key to arriving at the judgment, for he has seen Ms. Barnett either side of the event. He is of the professional view that Ms. Barnett is as much a victim as a victimizer. Taken in combination with evidence from other witnesses, the charge of second degree murder does look tenuous. The final defense witness is Ms. Barnett herself. She makes a case for how she is deeply mentally troubled and her agony is only compounded by the loss of her beloved baby. But there is likely to be intrinsic bias in her testimony. Considering that hers is a personal and not a professional presentation, her words will carry less weight in the final judgment. In conclusion, having weighed arguments from both sides, I will conclude that Ms. Barnett is â€Å"not guilty’ of the charge of second degree murder (intentional murder without premeditation). It is fairly certain that she did not intend to kill the baby. Neither does it appear that she volitionally not cared for the baby. This should exonerate her of charges of gross child abuse as well. It is difficult for me to believe that Dr. Bloom did not alert community/public welfare officials about Ms. Barnett’s precarious condition. While he was treating Ms. Barnett for severe anxiety and depression, did the baby’s welfare not cross his mind? In my view, Dr. Bloom is also partly guilty, in terms of not considering all aspects of the patient’s life. Ms. Barnett should receive a moderate prison sentence for grave parental negligence while also receiving psychiatric treatment. She should not be allowed to have babies unless declared mentally fit for such an ard uous responsibility.

Shades of African-American Womens Experiences in Novels and Film-Beloved versus The Color Purple essays

Shades of African-American Womens Experiences in Novels and Film-Beloved versus The Color Purple essays Both Alice Walkers novel The Color Purple and Toni Morrisons tale of Beloved chronicle stories of African-American womens experiences of triumph and suffering over oppression and discrimination. But while Walker and Morrison share a common literary heritage in the tradition of African-American womens writing, their works deviate substantially, in the fictions narrative constructs, literary devices, and in the works cultural and critical receptions after publication. Walkers novel was embraced as a popular feminist classic because of its account of Celie, a physically and sexually abused young woman, who found liberation through her relationship with Shug Avery, a feisty gin-joint singer. Morrisons novel about a mother who was haunted by the ghost of the child she killed rather than allow it to return to slavery became a literary classic and received the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Beloved is now widely read in high schools and colleges across the nation. In fact, one reviewer not ed that the introduction to the paperback edition of Beloved proclaimed that he could not imagine American literature without it [Beloved]!" (Taylor, 1998) In an ironic twist of literary fate, although Alice Walkers novel of Black life in the South during the Depression was less critically well received in its initial form, it became a popular and well-respected movie, directed in 1984 by Stephen Spielberg. In contrast, Morrisons great novel on film of the pre and antebellum period in American history was judged to be an artistic and critical failure, as well as a failure with audiences, despite the original novels greatness. Even the best reviews of the 1998 film of Morrisons novel viewed it more as an interesting failure than the cinematic triumph its makers hoped it would become. Part of this difference in critical and popular reception may have to do with the nature of...

The Broken Column and Olympia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Broken Column and Olympia - Essay Example The essay "The Broken Column and Olympia" focuses on the comparison of two paintings, "The Broken Column" and "Olympia". Common artistic practice and subjects within cultures suggests Ancient Egyptian art was created as a means of commemorating important people and the ancient Greeks made art to help them worship their gods and goddesses and to preserve their cultural myths. The Romans seem to have adopted elements of the Greek style and fused it with elements of the Egyptian style to develop an artistic approach intended to inspire and celebrate their cultural achievements. After the fall of Rome, the art of the Middle Ages became dominated by themes of Christian religious myths in order to reject the Paganism of the fallen Empire, incorporating religious, political and educational purpose. From here, the art of the Renaissance reflects the re-discovery of more ancient art forms fused to new scientific advancements giving it a historical and experimental purpose. As this skip throug h art history demonstrates, it is easily understood that art can be used for several purposes and it is often inspired or developed in some way so as to build on the past while reflecting the attitudes of the present. As an aspiring animator, the art that appeals most to me is that which takes risks and adopts a more modern or simplified representation of subject such as Edward Manet's groundbreaking "Olympia" entering into the modern period or Frida Kahlo's "The Broken Column" as an expression of surrealism. ... More than that, she is clearly successful in that she has a servant and lives within a very rich environment. Her servant is so dark that she almost becomes lost in the background color of the painting even though she stands at the edge of the far side of the bed. Because of the way he created the painting, Manet leaves it widely open to interpretation. â€Å"The public nakedness of a beautiful woman sometimes becomes a question of politics †¦ which actions are permitted under which unspoken and frequently changing rules† (Friedrich 1). Her appearance within the rigidly proper Victorian culture was shocking because she was seen as a very successful, beautiful and independent woman as compared to the mostly powerless women of the age. Therefore, her representation within polite society was a direct challenge to the rigid ideals of propriety and purity because the painting suggested that her behavior and character were accepted and even condoned within her society. In †Å"The Broken Column† (1944), Kahlo uses dreamlike images to illustrate her personal pain and suffering and line to hold everything together while also demonstrating an independent woman. The broken column of the title refers to the internal structure of Frida’s spinal column. This spinal column is seen through the torn skin and loosely twined bandages that are the only things holding her together. The broken column symbolizes her lack of a support structure and represents her sense of imbalance at the same time that it indicates one of her major sources of pain. Her skin is pricked all over with tiny pins, demonstrating that she is never free of the smaller pains of daily life. The pins continue down the right side of her body, which is the side that had been crippled by both

Content Area Teaching Assignment Research Paper - 1

Content Area Teaching Assignment - Research Paper Example However, this paper aims at stressing the flaws in the education system and teaching practices which contribute to the loss of interest amongst the students. The paper will focus on at least three web lessons, which would then be taken as a reference to explain how the teaching practices can be improved and the students’ motivation increased. One of the most important topics of study in world history is the relations between the superpowers – the relations marked by the cold war; this is an essential course for almost all students enrolled for elementary education level courses. For this reason, a lesson designed for students from Grade 9-12 will be taken as a reference; it has been published by the Oregon Public Broadcasting1. Apparently, the chapter has been designed in a very appealing yet credible manner for the students to become aware of the origins and major concepts relevant to the cold war. The chapter has been effectively divided into headings and subheadings to enhance the interest of the students in the content. The chapter opens with the narration describing how the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which began what is termed as the cold war era. The chapter also in the latter sections stresses the military and strategic dimensions of the motives behind the bombings, and explains how this event was the beginning of the cold war. Moreover, the chapter explains the policy of containment followed by the US in response to the policy of expansionism being pursued by the Soviet Union. It also stresses important dates where several events took place, explains how the concept of iron curtain was introduced and was a sole reason behind the origins of war. Moreover, this chapter sheds light on some of the reports which are crucial in this context. Though this is a well quoted and a well explained chapter, some of the students may find in monotonous and rather boring if not taught

Dred Scott v. Sanford,The Lecompton Constitution, Freeport Doctrine Essay

Dred Scott v. Sanford,The Lecompton Constitution, Freeport Doctrine and Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 - Essay Example Upon returning to Missouri, a slave state, he sued for his freedom and the court ruled 7-2 that he did not have citizen status and therefore could not sue. The trial was a legal battle between antislavery forces that argued that once a slave had traveled to a free territory the slave was free. According to Huston (2003), the opposition argued, " being a slave, had no right to petition the court like a citizen— slaves, obviously, were not citizens and had no citizenship rights " (p.217). The trial was seen as an effort by the South to extend their control of slavery into the North. The original case was decided by a technicality but later ordered retried. After a series of trials, the US Supreme Court found that Dred Scott was not entitled to citizenship. This case, more than any other, precipitated the movement toward civil war. It was a test to see how far the South could extend the boundaries of slavery. This would be the beginning of the ever-widening gap between the North and the South. Some abolitionists saw the movement toward war as a positive move towards resolving the issue. Frederick Douglass, though disappointed by the decision, also expressed his hopes that the South would finally be confronted. With the war in sight, it was hoped that victory would eventually bring justice. The Lecompton Constitution The Lecompton Constitution was the Kansas State Constitution presented to Congress to initiate their admission to the Union. One of the issues that surrounded the constitution was whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state. Proslavery advocates controlled the Lecompton Constitutional Convention of Sept. 1857, while opponents of slavery were given little choice as to the content of the document. The fight over the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution would result in tensions that would hasten the nation's move towards the Civil War Though most of the Kansas voters were in favor of an antislavery constitution, the majority at the convention were proslavery and would not allow the issue to be put to a fair vote. The antislavery constitution merely outlawed the importation of new slaves, but did not outlaw the existing slavery. When the document was put to a vote, the anti-slavery forces boycotted the proceedings. However, the anti-slavery legislature voted two weeks later and the constitution was voted down. The controversy was presented to Congress who could grant statehood in accordance with the Lecompton Constitution or vote it down. President James Buchanan supported the constitution as written. The House and the Congress compromised in an effort to minimize the crises. However, the damage had already been done. Stampp (1992) contends that, "As a result, 1857 was probably the year when the North and South reached the political point of no return" (p. viii). The split between Republicans and Democrats had reached beyond the their ability to compromise. Freeport Doctrine The Freeport Doctrine was put forward by Stephen Douglas during the Douglas-Lincoln debates of 1858 in Freeport Illinois. The Doctrine specified that local law authorities could enforce federal law as they saw fit. This was an attempt to bridge the gap between slavery and antislavery forces. It was contrary to the earlier Dred Scot decision, which stated slavery could not legally be excluded from the territories. The doctrine, though not new, gained attention during the public debate. Lincoln had fared poorly in the previous debates and took the offensive in Freeport. He asked if a territory "in any lawful way . . . exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a State Constitution" (Carwardine, 2006, p.80). Douglas responded, "Mr. Lincoln has heard me answer a hundred times from every stump in Illinois, that in my opinion the people of a Territory can,

Should Hong Kong promote cultural tourism?

Should Hong Kong promote cultural tourism? Background Information, Related Concepts and Relevant Knowledge Objectives/ Expected Outcomes (if any) Focus Questions Tentative Enquiry Plan and Method(s) Reflection References 1 [1]à ©Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦- ¼rthk.hk à ©Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã‚ «Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’http://programme.rthk.hk/rthk/tv/programme.php?name=tv/hkccd=2014-04-13p=858e=257861m=episode ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦- ¼2014à ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´11à ¦Ã…“ˆ15à ¦- ¥Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ [2] The UNWTO World Tourism Organization, Definition, Sustainable Development of Tourism, http://sdt.unwto.org/content/about-us-5>, (15 November 2014). [3]à ©Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦- ¼rthk.hk à ©Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã‚ «Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’http://programme.rthk.hk/rthk/tv/programme.php?name=tv/hkccd=2014-04-13p=858e=257861m=episode ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦- ¼2014à ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´11à ¦Ã…“ˆ15à ¦- ¥Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡

Fire Safety Essay -- essays research papers

Fire Safety Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a recent fire at Seton Hall University in South Orange, NJ killed three students who did not respond to what they thought was a false alarm, officials at Oswego State University are being especially careful when it comes to the issue of fire safety. This semester there is a new policy regarding the confiscation of items considered being hazardous. The policy states that any items that are found and have the potential to cause a fire, such as candles, incense, and certain appliances like microwaves, and sandwich makers, will be confiscated and not returned to the students they were taken from. Under the old policy students were able to get the items back at the end of the year. Around 200 candles were taken from students in Onondaga Hall alone last year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the Oswego Fire Department, the dorms are built compartmentalized, which means that if the door to a room in which there is a fire is shut, the fire will be somewhat contained. This procedure will help the fire from spreading rapidly. The doors to all rooms are fire resistant. Although these safety features help increase students' chances of survival in the case of a tragedy, they cannot be relied on as the only life-saving precaution. In order to guarantee everyone's safety, students need to be aware of their own roles in regard to fire safety regulations. Smoking, possession of candles, and incense are serious causes of fires and students need to obey the rules.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another hazardous practice that most students living in dorm rooms need to pay attention for is plugging several cords into one multi-outlet that allows several cords to be plugged into at once. Modifying this practice will heavily decrease the chances of a fire occurring as a result.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the event of a real fire, the most important thing students can do is to keep the exit doors to stairways and escape routes closed. Although many students believe that keeping the doors open will help others escape, is the worst thing they can do, because it helps the fire spread where if you close the fire-resistant door will help contain it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1998 there five occurrences in which a student pulled the fire alarm as a prank. Students should turn in anyone who, to their knowl... ... using a fire extinguisher. When the alarm is sounded students should put shoes and appropriate clothing and evacuate the building. Then close all windows, check room door, if it is hot call #5555 and tell public safety that you are trapped and cannot leave your room. Another main point is to not use the elevators. Vacate the building using the safest route. Then remain outside until told otherwise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I understand that I broke the law and broke the Oswego laws of fire safety and I could have been punished much more severe, and I appreciate your lenience towards my actions. When I talked to Mr. Henderson he told me that the rules are in my student handbook and I should read them. So, indeed I did and learned the laws of fire safety. I have learned the laws and how important they are and I will abide and go along with the rules and regulations of Oswego. I have learned my lesson of fire safety and have come to realize how important it is to follow rules with a school the size of Oswego. I have learned my lesson and will do my best to set an example for my fellow students. I am giving my final apology and thank you for guiding me in the right direction.

Clinical Psychologists In India Health And Social Care Essay

This paper discusses the blank in current ethical criterions in the pattern of clinical psychological science in India followed by a suggested working paradigm of ethical criterions. Mental wellness services in India are plagued with fiscal restraints, deficiency of acknowledgment of clinical psychologists, widespread superstitious notion or ignorance, hapless educational preparation, and the deficiency of an organized and unified organic structure for the promotion of clinical psychological science. With due accent to these restraints, an moralss codification exemplar based on the four general rules of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists ( UDEPP ) ( 2010 ) is suggested. Culture specific criterions are referenced and included from bing criterions in India, and the American Psychological Association ( APA ) moralss codification ( 2002 ) . Keywords: Ethical motives, Clinical Psychology, India. Unified Ethical motives Code for Clinical Psychologists in India This paper discusses the blank in current ethical criterions in the pattern of clinical psychological science in India. A paradigm of a working moralss codification is suggested, with mention to the bing criterions in India, the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists ( UDEPP ) ( 2010 ) and the American Psychological Association ( APA ) Ethical motives Code ( 2002 ) . The paper is divided into four subdivisions. Section 1 affirms the importance of holding an ethical codification for pattern. Section 2 delineates the present province of ethical behavior in India. Section 3 lists the structural and milieu considerations for pattern in India. Finally, subdivision 4 nowadayss a working paradigm of an ethical codification for pattern in India. The paper concludes with restrictions and suggestions for future work.Section 1: Importance of an Ethical motives codification: Why do we necessitate an moralss codification?The being of an moralss codification maintains public assurance ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ; Fisher 2003 ) , educates professionals about outlooks of ethical and unethical behavior ( Fisher, 2003 ) , leads to allow intercessions ( Agarwal, 2010 ) , encourages grudges resort ( Fisher, 2003 ) , decreases external ordinance ( Fisher, 2003 ) and presents a line of defence in the instance of external engagement ( like jurisprudence ) ( Fisher, 2003 ) . Furthermore ethical pattern instills compassion and bravery, taking to a rewarding vocational and personal life ( Koocher and Keith-Spiegel, 2008 ) . An ethics codification is an indispensible tool for quality attention.Section 2: Ethical motives in India: PresentThis subdivision elucidates the current province of ethical pattern in India. Access to allow information was limited by scarceness of consistent and electronic information. The information presented here reflects available information. Overall there is limited consciousness about the services of clinical psychologists, yet there hav e been important betterments in handiness of clinicians in multiple scenes like general infirmaries, rehabilitation and mental wellness centres, vocational and educational organisations ( Prasadarao and Sudhir, 2001 ) . Three organisations that lay out some signifier of ethical rules for mental wellness practicians in India are the Indian Psychiatric Society ( IPS ) , the Indian Association of Clinical Psychologists ( IACP ) and the Rehabilitation Council of India ( RCI ) . The IPS adopted the ethical codification in 1985 and loosely divides the ethical rules into behavior between professionals and behavior of professionals with patients, important others and 3rd parties ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . The IACP drafted a short and direct codification of behavior in 1993 and borrowed from the APA moralss codification ( Isaac, 2009 ) . The RCI lists clinical psychologists as one for the many rehabilitation professionals and adopted a codification of behavior in 1992, with generic guidelines. Common issues addressed by all three organisations are referrals, sentiments, consent, competency, confidentiality, client public assistance, 3rd party interactions, development and to a lesser extent research, adve rtizement and promotion ( Isaac, 2009 ; Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ; RCI, 1992 ) . Other relevant statute laws are the Consumer Protection Act ( 1986 ) and People with Disabilities Act ( 1995 ) ( Prasadarao and Sudhir, 2001 ) that attempts to protect clients as consumers of mental wellness services. Overall, there are minimum resources to turn to ethical ailments in all three organisations. The moralss commission could either non be located on the web site or no formal grudge procedure was listed. Although IPS has made the most headway in puting up ethical criterions, ethical pattern is constrained by inadequacy in preparation and research ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Nevertheless, IPS maintains some control over the ethical pattern of its members since head-shrinkers have to obtain a licence for pattern. In the sphere of clinical psychological science, there is incompatibility in the being of and entree to an ethical codification due to multiple psychological science related organisations ( IACP, RCI, National Academy of Psychology etc ) , without equal inter organisational communicating. More significantly, there is no legal, licensing and accreditation organic structure for clinical psychologists ( Isaac, 2009 ; Prabhu and Shankar, 2004 ) . It is impossible to enforce an ethical codification of behavior unless the enrollment, licensing, legal position and accreditation of preparation plans are unified. Apparently, RCI is supposed to be the authorization for clinical psychologists fo r official pattern ( P. Padakannaya, personal communicating, October 19 & A ; 21, 2010 ) . However, the voluntary nature of engagement with the RCI acts as a hindrance to practicians who can pattern even without this association. The deductions of unmonitored pattern can be terrible, doing irreversible injury to clients.Section 3: Ethical motives in India: FutureThis subdivision delineates the considerations required at assorted degrees to assistance in the development of a incorporate moralss codification in India.Degree I: Structure:The hereafter of a incorporate ethical codification for India Clinical Psychologists rests on two factors. First, there is a demand for a primary organic structure for clinical psychological science that oversees professional enrollment, licensing and preparation. Isaac ( 2009 ) considers it to be incumbent on the IACP to keep professional criterions. This may be appropriate since this is a specific organisation for the promotion of clinical psychologi cal science. The IACP can promote inter organisational communicating and muster resources for national acknowledgment. This is a gigantic undertaking sing the bureaucratic set up of India. Second, most Indian universities tend to hold their ain moralss commissions ( P. Padakannaya, personal communicating, October 19 & A ; 21, 2010 ) . An attempt towards inter university consistence in bring forthing general guidelines can be started at the same time. Professionals in the field, and university moralss commissions can be encouraged to direct in ethical quandary encountered to the centralized organic structure ( IACP ) , as was done in the creative activity and alteration of the APA moralss codification ( Fisher, 2003 ) . This is to a great extent dependent on the co-operation among universities and professionals ; yet another dimension of being a ego regulating profession.Level II: Foundational Milieu:Moral and spiritual beliefs along with assistance from the legal system and human ri ghts Torahs have been used as ethical determination devising theoretical accounts in India ( Sharma, 2003 ) . The Supreme Court has intervened to reform the distressing conditions of institutionalised patients, and the human rights Torahs have brought in international monitoring ( Sharma, 2003 ) . Persons routinely fall back on the Hindu construct of â€Å" karma † or transmigration of psyche whereby an person ‘s destiny is dependent on good workss in past and present lives, and mental wellness is seen as an result of bad workss ( Sethi, Gupta and Lal, 1977 ) . Indiscriminate acceptance of a western moralss codification is inappropriate due to cardinal differences in constructs of enduring. Suffering as cardinal and cosmopolitan in the E is in resistance to the individualisation of mental unwellness in the West ( Neki, 1975 ) . Further, struggles between ego subject ( east ) and self look ( west ) means appropriate accommodations in western psychotherapeuticss that rely on consciousness and look ( Neki, 1975 ) .Level III: Basis:Three resources are used to develop a incorporate and working theoretical account of an moralss codification for Indian clinical psychologists: Existing ethical criterions in India ( IPS, IACP and RCI ) . The four guidelines set Forth in the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles ( UDEPP ) ( 2010 ) . ( Respect for the self-respect of individuals and peoples ; Competent attention ; Integrity and Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society ) . The UDEPP is used as it was drafted in audience with assorted states ( including India ) and reflects cosmopolitan values in ethical pattern. Furthermore, the UDEPP was drafted to help in the development and alteration of moralss codifications all over the universe ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) and is easy accessible. The APA Ethics Code ( 2002 ) . APA guidelines have informally influenced Indian ethical criterions ( Agarwal, 2010: Isaac, 2009 ) turn outing its utility.Section 4: Prototype of Ethical Standards of Practice in IndiaDue to the extended diverseness ( rural/urban, socioeconomic position, faith, caste etc ) , the appropriate place for India to follow is universalism whereby there are certain implicit in similarities in persons, but differences in manifestation ( Leach and Harbin, 1997 ) . Universalism besides represents the nucleus foundation of the UDEPP ( 2010 ) whereby similarities across civilizations have been translated into ethical guidelines. Hence, the format of the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) which lists the wide general rules followed by more specific behavioural guidelines is worthy of emulation in India. Professionals can try to closely follow the aspirational values as a map of this diverseness. The four rules of the UDEPP ( 2010 ) are used as the steering foundation al values. The relevant rules of the IPS, IACP and RCI and embedded within these wide values. This paradigm represents the bare basic to turn to uniformity and consistence in ethical pattern.Respect for People ‘s Rights and DignityThis is the most cardinal and cosmopolitan criterion found across cultural and professional boundaries ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) justifying inclusion. This standard promotes encompassing diverseness ( i.e. riddance of favoritism based on an person ‘s age, gender, faith, ethnicity, abilities etc ) and esteeming the worth of an person ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) . Specifically, this standard addresses privateness, confidentiality and informed consent. Privacy and confidentiality. Agarwal ( 2010 ) emphasizes the intimate nature of client information, and informing the client of complete confidentiality except in certain state of affairss. Family plays an of import function in intervention and hence attention should be taken to obtain informed consent before discoursing information with the client ‘s household or the client can be encouraged to confide in the household ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . This is a developing construct as the person is treated as a portion of a unit instead than being completely independent. Widespread technological restrictions in the mostly agricultural society create complications with electronic medium and confidentiality. Breaching confidentiality in the instance of exigencies and tribunal orders with accent on documenting principle for action are borrowed from the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Informed consent. This country is better formulated when compared to all other ethical criterions. Agarwal and Gupta ( 1999 ) raise the issue of â€Å" medical paternalism † where audience is considered as consent to intervention and the professional is expected to do determinations for the client. Blanket consent is rampant ( Agarwal, 2010 ) as most clients are sick informed about the nature of mental unwellness. The informed consent procedure so becomes built-in to chase awaying myths instead than as a defensive to legal liability in the US ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Though there are standard written informed consent processs that bring in consistence in pattern, there is no information on the utility of these paperss. Emphasis on leaving comprehensive information to the client and relations so they can do an â€Å" sceptered determination † is desirable ( Koocher and Keith-Spiegal, 2008 ) . The burden of finding the client ‘s competency to take portion in informed consent ever rests with the clinician ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . The Mental Health Act of India ( 1987 ) permits the consent of relations for intervention and nonvoluntary hospitalization if the client is found incompetent ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . The Mental Health Act of ( 1987 ) lists the standards of nonvoluntary hospitalization as danger to self or others, benefit from hospitalization and incompetency of the patient ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . This is a clear case of the influence of jurisprudence in the mental wellness sphere ; the deductions being an addition in judicial engagement to the hurt of a ego regulating profession.2. Competent attentionThe act of bettering hurt is dependent on the professional ‘s capablenesss and therefore this standard warrants inclusion. The professional is expected to be good informed, monitor boundaries of competency and seek updated information from clip to cli p ( Fisher, 2003 ) . Competence includes attending to beneficence and non maleficence in behavior of human dealingss ( APA moralss codification, 2002 ) and personal competency. Harmonizing to beneficence and non maleficence, the professional is expected to move in the best involvement of the client by making no injury or minimising injury ( Fisher, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Agarwal and Gupta ( 1999 ) , a head-shrinker has the duty to make no injury to the patient emotionally, physically and sexually. Sexual activity with a client, client ‘s important others and former clients is unethical ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Agarwal ( 2010 ) further suggests avoiding a non curative relationship with the client wholly. The Indian criterions are conservative when compared to the APA ethical criterions of a two twelvemonth moratorium period before originating sexual contact. Future Indian ethical pattern demands to turn to countries of concern with clients and multiple function relationships in smaller communities as extensively addressed by the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) . Indian professionals will frequently meet restrictions in competency due to a deficiency of r elevant diverseness preparation. Compulsory rural and urban practicum preparation may assist fix the professional. Veereshwar ( 2002 ) mentions the historical and culture-specific â€Å" guru-shishya † paradigm in therapy that equates a clinical psychologist to a friend, philosopher and usher, whereby the â€Å" guru † gives penetration to the â€Å" shishya † . There is some disagreement between the paradigm of â€Å" guru shishya † and allowing liberty to the client, which is complicated by medical paternalism. Indian professionals have to do a conjunct attempt to bifurcate information from direct suggestions. Personal competency or self care whereby professionals are to place state of affairss in which their personal issues interfere with their work ( Fisher, 2003 ) may be limited due to the famine of mental wellness professionals. IACP recommends referrals as appropriate ( Isaac, 2009 ) .3. IntegrityHarmonizing to UDEPP ( 2010 ) , professionals participate in unfastened and honest communicating to keep public assurance and judiciousness in keep backing information to protect safety and confidentiality ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) . The Indian moralss codifications have specifically focused on psychiatric diagnosings as a possible are of concern. Agarwal and Gupta ( 1999 ) strongly promote the usage of psychiatric diagnosing merely for clinical appraisal and intervention. This is in visible radiation of the abuse of diagnosing to hold undue power over the client ( Agarwal, 2010 ; Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . This dimension is non listed in the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) and UDEPP ( 2010 ) perchance due to the overdone stigma and ill informed multitudes in India. Agarwal ( 2010 ) high spots alone state of affairss whereby important others ‘ of patients have inquiries about client ‘s matrimony, the consequence of mental unwellness on work, household, and the communicability of the unwellness. He cautions against publishing certifications of saneness requested by household to assistance in work and matrimony procedures. Isaac ( 2009 ) recommends cautiousness and equal coaction in these issues. False promises or keep backing information to minimise the agony of the patient frequently dud ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Integrity besides involves turning away of unwise or ill-defined committednesss ( Fisher, 2003 ) .4. Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to SocietyHarmonizing to UDEPP ( 2010 ) , this criterion provides the larger context for the pattern of clinical psychological science wherein a duty towards the society is ingrained ( Gauthier , Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) . This duty can be reflected in parts to research, continuing highest ethical pattern, and developing ethical consciousness ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) , which makes for an accountable professional. The People with Disabilities Act ( 1995 ) efforts to supply equal instruction, employment and lodging chances for the mentally sick therefore incorporating mental wellness consumers into mainstream society. Meanwhile, sensitisation to ethical issues at educational institutes will lend to self monitoring persons. Isaac ( 2009 ) identifies the deficiency of answerability as the primary issue in India. This in bend is dependent on the being of an enforceable ethical codification for clinical psychologists which is obstructed by the deficiency of a incorporate government organic structure.DecisionThe suggested paradigm is limited by deficiency of specificity. However puting up a simplified, incorporate and enforceable papers is the first precedence . This is in bend dependant on the puting up of a centralised professional organisation. Meanwhile the suggested paradigm is developed to bring forth involvement and highlight the importance of ethical pattern as portion of quality attention. In the absence of clear, enforceable and applicable ethical rules, Agarwal ( 2010 ) suggests staying by the aureate regulation of â€Å" Do unto others † . Isaac ( 2009 ) recommends consciousness of one ‘s philosophical place to counter twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours ethical quandary irrespective of the ethical guidelines.

buy custom The International Students essay

buy custom The International Students essay Introduction The international students pay higher amount than the local students pay for education in the US Universities. Fee Payment in the universities is based on whether one is local or an international student with the local students paying lesser amount than international students. Its unfair for the US intuitions to base their fee charges on the nationality rather than considering other factors such as economic background. As a matter of fact, the influence that the US has in the world should be used to aid students searching for education. The US economy is the biggest in the world therefore it should aid in reducing the poverty level in other countries through educational aid. For that reason, the US universities should make adjustment and consider other factors in charging fee foreign students. The US universities should reduce the fee that they charge the foreign students. Basically the international students play an important role in fostering the research in the higher education research. For instance the career interest of the international students and the US students might not the same all together. The top students in the US tend to choose to study courses in Business and law whereas students from other countries such as China prefer Engineering as the best course therefore presence of these determined students raise the education level of the Americans in such disciplines .The international students are clearly the major drivers in realizing researches in the universities since to them; it is a golden opportunity while the natives take it as a normal learning. Therefore the international students bring encouragement or rather a challenge to the US students. Science has been an area being dominated by foreign students and shun by the best local students; Presence of foreign students therefore raising the standards of education of the natives espe cially on the research. As evident in many US universities, the contribution of foreign students to the research in universities has been outstanding. They have made several economic based researches therefore aiding in national building (Dessoff). The success in the research therefore advances the American innovation in the science. Therefore the foreign students play an important role in carrying the image of the US internationally. The US is then accredited for the work done by the international students which would have gone to other county other than the US. If the universities offer a lower rate fee on the international students, more top brains will be channeled to the US universities therefore increasing the benefit the country gets from the research. The country will be credited for being the best in science yet its actually the contribution of the foreign students that makes everything look good. The students studying in the US are basically the ambassadors of US in their country of origin. Their presence enhance the image of the country international since they preach the good culture of the US internationally therefore changing the bad perception that the US receive in the international community (Dessoff). The US then gains a global image free through the influene of the students. Apart from the US international students participation as ambassadors internationally, they take participate in intercultural exchange with their US counterparts therefore bringing understanding of different cultures among the US students. Basically the image of the country is important as far as security as economic values are concern. For example the goods manufactured in America can be used market by the students back in their home of origin. They can do it by using the products or taking the products therefore creating avenues for the American business internationally. Then it is unfair for the ambassadors to be punished with the heavy fee on the studies yet they do a greater job for the Americans (Anderson).The government should consider their national contribution since its quite important to appreciate their contributions apart form from the fee they are being charged. US universities are facing competition in key academic areas such as science and technical fields from upcoming economies such as China. The amount of fees charged by the US universities reduces students enrollment from other countries. These students instead search for education in other countries such as China. With the trend, the US universities will be overtaken in research and innovation (Dessoff).The influence of the Chinese and other science based economies in education should worry the US education systems since it might the image of being the best destination for the best brains. The competitors offer subsidized education to the foreigners therefore driving the away slowly the US education market as the best destination instead they heads to other markets. Basically the revolution in technology is delicate and requires innovators in your side. It is unfortunate for the US to loose the image being the destination for the top brain to other countries(Anderson). The high fee being charged will only suit the rich foreigners therefore not ripping the best from the foreigners therefore the market remains just normal. Other countries on the other hand create the best offers to the foreigners the best price for their education in a lower cost than in the US. The international students pursuing disciplines as in the business and as well as other art sectors play an important role in making the US culture an used in the international market therefore making the language in business and other sectors be based in the US norms. An international student form the US University becomes professions in the major sector of economy in their countries of origin therefore selling the American system in their countries. The adoption of the American systems is important for the US businesses in penetrating in the international markets. The international students in the United States play an important role for the US in international community. Increase in the number of students from the international community means the country is recognized internationally (Anderson). In that case US gain not only from the fee paid by the students but also in marketing US system of business and policies. International Students faces among other the problems in settling on the teaching modee in the universities. The universities dont have special treatment of these students therefore a consideration should be given when setting the fee structure for the students. It is unfortunate for them to struggle in adapting the university atmosphere yet they very high fee. The instructors dont merge with students as they try to cope with the difference in the culture in the university. Therefore the universities should consider the challenges of the students as they set out the fees structure for them (Zunz, and Oil). For the research in the universities to increase, the fees charged on the international students should be reduced by the US government. According to a report, the number of international students in the post graduate education program is much less therefore the enrollment of the international students mostly lies on the undergraduate program. The fees on the post graduate education are higher therefore most of the international students may not afford the fee. Basically, most of the advanced researches are done by the post graduate groups therefore lack of subsidized education undermines the research and the contribution by the international students in the universities; Therefore level of education in the universities might reduce. The foreign students studying in the universities may loose morale of doing research because of the treatment therefore reducing their level of concentration (Zunz, and Oil). The students studying in the US universities are relatively from poor countries or rather countries below the US economically. Their sources of fee might be hard sought compared to the students from the American families. Though they might be good enough academically, their contribution may not be realized due the higher fee being charged. Education is being compromised for economic values other than the purpose meant for. As indicated by Knight, higher turnout out of the international students does not only affect the United States by maintaining revenue to the intuition but also exposes America to diverse talents in students and faculty. It is therefore better to reduce the fee that each student pays for their university education therefore increasing the foreign admission of students in the universities (Knight). Conclusion The importance of reducing the amount of fees on the international students in US universities is wide. It ranges from the educational importance to the wider economy of the US. Basically the country benefits a lot from the foreign students in the contribution in the research sector and the propagation of the US policies on the international community. For the US to maintain the power of being the best education destination in the world, it should be ready to sacrifice the fee being charged on the foreign students and rather concentrate on the contribution that they offer in terms of good international relations and the US economic growth in general. The US should harmonize and promote the education of the international community by being in the fore front in offering education. Therefore the US universities should collaborate in making the US education the best and affordable in the world. Buy custom The International Students essay

Based in and based out of

Based in and based out of Based in and based out of Based in and based out of By Maeve Maddox M. Arun writes: Is it correct to say I work out of New York- to mean that ones workplace is in New York. Or to say I am based out of New York to mean you live in New York? It sounds a wrong to me! The use of out of described here may be a regional thing. It is not standard English. Ordinarily, the expression to work out of a place is used this way: Mr. Patel works out of his house. Mr. Patel has a home office where he runs his business or fulfills the obligations of a job (telecommuting). George works out of New York. George lives in New York, or his companys office is in New York, but his work takes him to various places. As for based, a person or a business can be based in New York. To say that one is based out of New York seems to mean that the person or business is located somewhere other than in New York. It seems a curious choice for someone to say Im based out of New York to mean merely I live in New York. I suppose that the use of based in this context could represent an effort to distance oneself from the place lived in: Im based in New York for now, but my real home is in Alabama. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†10 Types of TransitionsHyphenation in Compound Nouns

Development of Professionalism in new Registered Nurses Essay

Development of Professionalism in new Registered Nurses - Essay Example A welldressed appearance tends to convey a higher level of knowledge and a sincere interest in advancement; on the other hand, a disheveled worker gives the impression of being a disinterested, marginal performer (Townsel, 1996). In general, some registered nurses (RNs) have been perceived to be relatively unconcerned about first impressions because their employers often have policies that dictate dress codes and behaviors (Sullivan, 2004). As nurses move toward a professional practice, they are becoming more cognizant of how their appearance, behavior, and communication influence the first impressions of others. The first impression should be positive, communicating a message to others about the self. Initially, it communicates how the nurse feels and respects the self. Projecting a positive image communicates that the nurse cares about herself or himself; therefore, the impression is that he or she will "take good care of me." While the primary concern of the nurse may not be about projecting a positive image, first impressions are an important foundation in building a trusting relationship in a society that values physical appearance (Arnold & Boggs, 2004; Navarra, Lipkowitz, & Navarra, 1990; Sullivan, 2004). Business professionals have known for years that professional image is an important aspect to success. Numerous books and articles have been written about business attire and social skills. The closing of a business deal often relies on the relationships rather than the performance of excellent work. Because health care is a form of business, successful professionals must attract a s table, growing patient population in order to survive. Physicians have known for a long time that developing relationships with patients and projecting a positive public image helps build a practice; however, this may be a new experience for the entry-level nurse. Most nurses are institutional employees, but this does not change their professional status of responsibility and visibility. Nurses must consider the importance of the first impression, whether it is during their day-today practice, a job interview, a meeting, or a presentation. Additionally, nurses have an integral role in health care delivery in the United States, and they need to create a positive public image individually and collectively. Appearance, behavior, and communication have a cumulative effect on the professional image. The purpose of this article is todiscuss the nurse's professional appearance, and behaviors relevant to securing a position, making a professional presentation, or participating in meetings. Historical Perspective Historically, dress and behavior for students and practicing nurses were dictated strongly by dress codes and strict disciplinary protocols developed by hospital administrators in charge of nurses (Kalisch & Kalisch, 1996). Personality may have had little opportunity to emerge from the starch white uniforms and pulled back hair donned in a white cap (Arnold & Boggs, 2004; Sullivan, 2004). However, times have changed; most nursing students today are thrilled with the independence and career opportunities that have evolved for nurses at multiple levels, including those in advanced practice nursing. As the professional nursing arena

Countries adopt a more liberal approach towards cannabis use Essay

Countries adopt a more liberal approach towards cannabis use - Essay Example To achieve this, I will follow a route map that includes three steps that involve showing the use of legislation in allowing cannabis use and the economic effects of policies about cannabis use. The third step involves showing how the nature of people has changed due to the new policies about cannabis use. In the recent past, some countries have started to change their policies about the cannabis use by legalizing cannabis use. Although different federal laws seek to control drug use, different states in U.S like Ohio and Columbia have legalized cannabis use leading to increased access, affordability, and consumption of cannabis (Marijuana Policy Project 1). Indeed, more people including students and juveniles are smoking cannabis, which defines the disadvantage of such policy in some countries or states. Two U.S states have legalized marijuana even as the House voted against the crackdown on medical cannabis. The legislation allowed patients and all adults to consume and grow cannabis in their neighborhoods, which increases the consumption of cannabis in America. As a result, cannabis is the most dominant drug in U.S with the United Nations claiming that about 4% of the global adult population smokes marijuana subject to the new legislations legalizing it (Beckley Foundation 1). Many people live in legalization states or travel to such states, which makes the society experience increased consumption of cannabis. The consumers equally ignore prices, which encourages juveniles and addicts to increase their consumption. Subject to its many uses, cannabis is one of the prominent plants and drugs in the world. By legalizing its consumption, the policy makers knew that such changes would enhance cannabis consumption, encourage more youths to start smoking it, and disregard the negative image that the public place on cannabis (Perkins 1). Subject to the increase in consumption, lack of crackdown on medicinal marijuana, the new

Threats confronting the U.S. in 2030 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Threats confronting the U.S. in 2030 - Assignment Example According to the report, demand for these resources will likely grow by over 40% owing to the rapidly expanding global population, it is postulated that these demand will become difficult and in some places impossible to address. Shortages are likely to be caused by a variety of factors that are already in play today such as rapid negative climate change and the possibility of an energy crisis resulting from dying up of oil and other natural energy deposits. These changes are expected to affect the Middle East and Africa especially in regard to water, these regions already have water problems today and it is thus not difficult to predict that without drastic policy changes both therein and globally, the trend will continue to its logical conclusion; which is the water and food crisis. Another of the issues that are to be found in the report has to do with economic revolution in which the dominance of traditionally superior nations and blocks such as the US and EU may challenge. America may not necessarily be the economic super power it has been since the end of the cold war by the year 2030. The report suggests that China, owing to its rapid per-capita growth and industrialization, could overtake the USA to become the world’s leading financial powerhouse. The EU could also suffer from the possible withdrawal of Greece in the aftermath of the pre-2008 financial crisis from which it is still trying to recover, nevertheless, the report suggests that should Greece decide to withdraw, that could be disastrous for the bloc and may even result in a collapse. Recent history and current events have shown how the use of communication technology has enabled people to challenge governments, especially despotic ones and resulted in the toppling of several autocrats suc h as Egypt’s Mubarak and Gadaffi. While the reports predicts citizens may have more power to reach such ends in

Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay Example for Free

Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Essay Apple corporation bases its success on â€Å"creating innovative, high quality products and services and on demonstrating integrity in every business interaction.† According to Apple, four main principles contribute to integrity: honesty, respect, confidentiality, and compliance. To more thoroughly detail these principles, Apple has drafted a code of business conduct that applies to all its operations, including operations overseas. Apple disappointed socially responsible investors. Apple has come under fire since around 2006 as details emerged surrounding the workplace environment at Apples Chinese suppliers. An article in The New York Times publicized unsatisfactory worker conditions, which included grueling 24-hour shifts, overcrowded dorms, exposure to toxic chemicals, and horrific explosions. Foxconn Technology Group operates many of the plants in question in Chengdu, China. When it comes to customers, Apple is said to be a bold innovator that leads the industry into new directions and forces others to follow. However, when it comes to the management of its supply chain and treatment of workers in the Chinese factories that make its products, Apple hides behind the constraints of prevailing industry practices. What is even more disconcerting is the fact that these practices are in violation of not only local and national laws, but also of Apples own voluntary self-imposed code of conduct. Most of Apples worker-related problems were focused on Apples manufacturing partner Foxconn and its subsidiaries. Apples China operations first caught international attention in June 2006 with a long story in Britains Mail on Sunday.1 This was followed by a series of similar stories in other leading international news media, and has continued to this day.2 Because of Foxconns secrecy, it is well-nigh impossible to develop an accurate assessment of the problems in the factories owned and operated by Foxconn and its various subsidiaries. However, a brief description of extreme conditions prevailing in these factories and widely reported in the  media gave the readers some indication of the enormity of the problems that likely to existed in those plants. Apple has audited many of its suppliers and found violations of its Supplier Code of Conduct, but requesting its suppliers improve working conditions is not as powerful as changing suppliers to ones with more humane conditions. Part of the problem is that Apple has no legal liability for what happens in Chinese factories owned by separate manufacturers. Environmental organization Greenpeace had frequently campaigned against Apple, requesting elimination of non-recyclable hardware components, the removal of toxins from iPhone hardware, and a comprehensive take-back plan to prevent Apple products from ending up as waste. Greenpeace also began a protest in 2003 against Apples use of toxic PVC plastics and brominated flame retardants, or BFRs, in Apple’s products. Apple eliminated these chemicals in 2008, becoming the first laptop maker to do so (Corporate Responsibility Spotlight: Apple, September 14, 2012.) Workers assembling iPhones, iPads and other devices often labor in harsh conditions, according to employees inside China’s plants, worker advocates and documents published by companies themselves. Problems are as varied as onerous work environments and serious — sometimes deadly — safety problems. Under-age workers have helped build Apple’s products, and the company’s suppliers have improperly disposed of hazardous waste and falsified records, according to company reports and advocacy groups that, within China, are often considered reliable, independent monitors. The suppliers demonstrated disregard for workers health. In 2010, 137 workers at an Apple supplier in eastern China were injured after the workers were said to have been ordered to use a poisonous chemical to clean iPhone screens. In 2009 two explosions at iPad factories, including in Chengdu, killed four people and injured 77. Before those blasts, Apple had been alerted to hazardous conditions inside the Chengdu plant, according to a Chinese group that published that warning (Duhigg, Charles and Barboza, David. In China, Human Costs Are Built Into an iPad, (The NewYork Times) January 25, 2 010.) The publications outlining the ethics and social responsibility violations of Apple caused more consumers to actually start to wonder where and how Apple products are manufactured. Consumers have focused on Apples remarkable products rather than how they are produced. The New York Times story on iPad working conditions, for example, generated 1,770 reader comments. Many, if not most, blasted Apple  or the overall system of cheap labor. And an online petition prompted by the This American Life piece that called for Apple to protect Chinese workers had garnered roughly 166,000 signatures—and counting. I determined that Apple’s customers would be willing to pay more for its products if Apple had to increase selling prices in order to provide better wages and benefits for suppliers’ workers. Apple seems to make people crazy, described as a cult because it has such a vociferous following.† The Secrecy Strategy† (Moltz, John., Why Apple Drives People Crazy. Macworld. Feb2013, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p100-100. 1p). Stock-market and financial analysts are known to always have had a hard time understanding Apple because Apple does not sell commodity products or chase market share at the cost of everything else. Its modus operand i is: Enter a market, stake out the high end, and scoop up all the profit. As copycats such as Samsung flood the low end, Apple continued to hold the high end by evolving and differentiating products, while looking for new markets. One key approach used is to never telegraph punches; that way, no would know which market would be remade next. Hence Apples famous veil of secrecy, which further frustrated analysts. The bottom line was that the appeal of Apples products and its business strategies were said to be inscrutable, which made the company a Rorschach test. People saw what they wanted to see, and the idea that Apples fortunes are plummeting is more appealing to many than the idea that it might continue to ride high. The appeal of Apples products and its business strategies are believed to be both inscrutable. Apple joined the FLA in 2012 following intense public attention over allegations of widespread problems at Foxconn, China’s largest private employer. The FLA said both Apple and Foxconn â€Å"have agreed to ongoing assessments by FLA in order to ensure that labor practices meet FLA standards and remain in compliance for the long term.† Current and former Apple executives, moreover, say the company had made significant strides in improving factories in recent years. Apple has a supplier code of conduct that details standards on labor issues, safety protections and other topics. The company has mounted a vigorous auditing campaign, and when abuses are discovered, Apple says, corrections are demanded. And Apple’s annual supplier responsibility reports, in many cases, are the first to report abuses. This month, for the first time, the company released a list identifying many of its suppliers. Apple has continued to be aggressive in  calling out suppliers who dont meet up to its code of conduct. In January, Apple said it had fired Pingzhou Electronics after it was found to be hiring underage workers. Apples Supplier Code of Conduct sets the minimum age for workers at 15. (Apples Labor Practices In China Scrutinized After Foxconn, Pegatron Reviews. Forbes.com. 12/12/2013, p2-2. 1p. 1 Chart). What made Steve different from other marketers, is that he understood that his job as a marketer was not to focus on making money or sales, and, unlike other marketers, Steve’s marketing skills was seem in the way he presented his products: Here are some of the quotes that reflect Steve’s focus in business: If it could save a person’s life, could you find a way to save ten seconds off the boot time? You‘ve got to start with the customer experience and work back toward—not the other way around. Being the richest man in the cemetery doesn’t matter to me. Going to bed at night saying that they had done something wonderful is what mattered to Steve. Steve made the marketing process simple; if he gave people what they want, educated them on why they needed it, showed them how it will improve their lives, and why no other competitor’s products could compete with the convenience and ease of use of yours, customers would be willing to spend. References Apples Labor Practices In China scrutinized after Foxconn, pegatron reviews. Forbes.com. 12/12/2013, p2-2. 1p. 1 Chart. Apple’s Marketing Strategy – Sell On Value, Not Price. Retrieved from http://www.chrisnosal.com/apples-marketing-strategy-sell-products-on-value-not-price/ (Duhigg, Charles and Barboza, David.( January 25, 2010). In China, human costs are built into an iPad, (The NewYork Times). Frauenheim, Ed. February 6, 2012. Bad Apple: Could the era of exploitation outsourcing be near its end? Retrieved from http://www.workforce.com/blogs/2-work-in-progress/post/bad-apple-could-the-era-of-exploitation-outsourcing-be-near-its-end) Kannel, Charlie, The Motley Fool (September 14, 2012) Corporate responsibility spotlight: Apple. (Daily Finance). Ira Kalb, Marshall School of Business, USC . (September 13, 2013) Apples Cheap iPhone might not be that affordable, but it does protect the brand (Business Insider). Retrieved from

Feminine Hygiene Products Advertising Analysis

Feminine Hygiene Products Advertising Analysis Fulya Felicity Tà ¼rkmen Perceptions on the Idealized Image of Women in TV Ads Revisited:  The Example of Sanitary Napkin Advertisements Introduction and Methods This study has two parts: The first part gave me a perspective and understanding about how to read and evaluate an advertisement. In this way, I could determine some criteria to decode the linguistic and non linguistic components of the sanitary napkin advertisements. I watched 35 sanitary napkin advertisements but I did not choose to make a quantitative analysis since it would be too hard to examine the data manually. Instead of this, I chose the qualitative methods. I made certain groups based on the determining characteristics of the advertisements and I evaluated only one advertisement for each group such as one for blue liquid type and one for mini drama type advertisements. My first thesis was assuming that advertisements are a part of the reproduction of discourses on womanhood by supporting the idealized images of womanhood. But as I go on watching the advertisements I also noticed that they create some stigmas about the taboo on menstruation and feminine hygiene. This is why I also included the part menstruation as embarassment as a component of the perceptions on womanhood. In the presentation I used the expression of hidden messages by referring to the use of lingual and non linguistic components of the advertisements which are telling women something other than the features of the products and promising them things whch are not directly relevant with the product itself at first sight. While doing these, I also tried to track down the transformation of advertisements since it was legally allowed to do advertising on sanitary napkins to see what has changed since the beginning. Advertisements Now and Then Previously, advertisements were less complicated than they are today and there was only one goal to achieve with the simplest ways: to make people buy a certain product by explaining its specific or differentiating features. Thus, production or supply of the products was determined according to the demands of the societies. Today, we see the constant creation of new demands and increasement of the existing ones. In this new order, advertisement has become a tool to create consent for more consumption. In this way, social utility has also become the utility of the capital owners but these are presented as if they still accomodate social benefits. Media a great power of influencing and directing the society. In advertisements, this power manifests itself through the chain of product, production and consumption. In this way, products go beyond the production processes and factories and they become a part of the media culture. Although the basic motivation behind the advertisements is simply selling more products, there is no advertisement which only gives information about product to motivate people for buying it. Beyond this simple aim, each advertisement has a message that would be received by for potential consumers via different canals. Today we observe that the symbols and images take a precedence over the product itself most of the time. In the science of semiotics, it is claimed that signs are open to different interpretations and they can have different meanings in different contexts. Thus, we receive different messages via signs and attribute them to different meaning while we communicate. We receive these signs with our many senses such as audial or visual. Saussure argues that the sign dynamic has two components: A form of the sign and its meaning, respectively, the signifier and the signified. Thus, languages which enable us to communicate through different sounds or written symbols are arbitrary and they are subjected to change in time. They are only as important as their function in the communication rather than their historical importance or features. Therefore, language is in a constant state of change which includes its reconstruction and re-analyze through the changing social relations and discourses. According to Williamson, semiotics is composed of thing and meaning as well. The important thing here is not how a certain word or term is formed but how it is shared and found itself in the daily expressions. Williamson takes the issue of advertisement as a determinant of culture and everyday practices. These practices are mainly there to sell products but at the same time they make properties to mean something for us. They present and promote the idea of being a certain kind of person. The language of this promotion is not a singular one; it rather changes according to different times and cultures. For instance, I observed that many brands use different advertisements for the promotion of sanitary napkins in different countries according to these countries’ cultural norms and values. The portrayal of a certain ideal type is given in the advertisements but at the same time this ideal type is linked to the certain products through messages. For instance, â€Å"delikanlÄ ± kÄ ±zlar molped kullanÄ ±r.† The construction of these linkages occurs over long processes. Thus, connections are made between people and objects are made. So, we should take the sign for w hat it signifies, the thing becomes the symbol of a feeling. â€Å"Material things we need are made to represent the other non- material things we need. The point of exchange between two is where meaning is produced.† (Williamson, 2000) What an advertisement actually does is to show and give audiences an object of desire. When a product is used exclusively by women, female image and female sexuality is packed up with the product and presented to the women again. In our case, the object of desire could be manifested as youth, freedom, happiness, a good career, etc. In the advertisements, what is not shown or expressed, in other words absences are as important as what are present. For instance, advertisements can show what people actually want to be like in this way. According to Crook, there are two main dimensions which reflect the distinction between the linguistic and the non-linguistic components of commercials that should be taken into account. These are the product- claim dimension and reward dimension. (Crook, 2004) When product claim dimension is used, some information or claims of the producers are presented to the consumers in the form of physical outcomes and benefits. For instance, in our case of sanitary napkins, this could be dryness. There usually is a superimposed linguistic message and/ or a message which is given by a voiceover, a narrator or a mini drama with one or a few highlighted characters. The use of reward dimension targets the more emotional side of the audiences. The benefits and offers are emotional and more abstract. For instance, in our case, this could be the promise of intimacy or modernity. As it can be deducted from this example, the benefits may not seem such related with the product itself at the first sight. The tools of non-verbal communication such as colors and music are used in these types of advertisements. The Construction of Menstruation as Embarrassment Menstruation is accepted, portrayed and presented as an embarrassing hygienic trouble which needs to stay hidden and covered up in the public realm, specifically from men. It is also seen as an obstruct on the way of achieving to the standardized and ideal womanhood norms as Evans also points outs. Menstruation stood in the way, as a threat to a womans reaching the ideal of beautiful womanhood, (Evans, 1995, p. 25) All of these negative connotations helped the construction of menstruation as embarrassment for females. As an historical inheritance, this problem is limited to the one’s private sphere. Thus, offering solution to this hygienic problem can easily be considered as overruling one’s privacy. Advertisers observed that there might be negative reactions occurring, as viewers evaluate these advices as a violation of their liberties and privacy. In the specific type of commercial that we are trying to explore here, the producers of the advertisements could be accused of taking the liberty of talking about a private issue because these advertisements postulate the existence of a ‘problem’ and describe menstruation as a barrier with discomforting symptoms which put limits on one’s mental and physical actions. Therefore, there is a message of â€Å"You need these hygienic products to hide and relieve your embarrassment and stay pure and clean. Otherwise you would be stained and feel ashamed and dirty.† For instance, Kotex started a series of advertisement which are based on a simple question to women: â€Å"What weird things do you do on your special days?† In the series, a famous actress took part and filmed doing weird things such as carrying a awkwardly huge bag to hide her back, getting extremely angry out of little issues or taking photos of herself to check whether there is any stains caused by her period. The Myth of the Magical Youth and Beauty â€Å"With the rise of the youth culture, advertisers shifted even more from health and safety to youth and beauty. Youth and all things modern have been idealized.† (Del Saz-Rubio and Pennock-Speck, 2009) The advertisements that I watched were proving this statement since all women that took place in these advertisements were at the age of 17-25 or 30 at most. Moreover, the older women were portrayed as role models and advisers in the advertisements and they were not on the focus. Since all women are potential customers until they step into the menopause (age 45-50 on average), there should be another motive behind this choice. As another important point, there is a set of standardized beauty norms in these advertisements. For instance, there was no over weighted woman in any of the sanitary napkin advertisement I watched or analyzed. All of the women were conformed to the widely accepted body norms and standards. So, the modern woman is idealized at being young, free and nor matively beautiful and the message of â€Å"youth knows it better† is given. Although sanitary napkins are started to produce from mid-1980s, its advertisement was not legally and culturally possible until 1920s. First, sanitary napkin advertisements started to take place in women’s magazines such as Vogue in 1920s. Then, in 1970s it became legally possible for sanitary napkin brands to do advertising on television and radio. There were still a lot of written and unwritten rules: For instance, these advertisements are shown during daytime which is considered as ‘women’s TV time’, rather than prime time hours. Moreover, it still stayed as a controversial issue and many opposed to this new situation. We can evaluate this new era as a adoption phase in which ‘blue liquid’ advertisements appeared in the scene. For a long time, blue liquid tests in laboratory environment are used all around the world, as well as in Turkey. The Messages in the Sanitary Napkin Advertisements Although the first advertisements focused on the promotion of the product by comparing the diffferent brands such as Orkid vs. Sanitary Napkin with labaratory experiments, this method has been abandoned by many brands recently or they were started to support by some charachters and mini drama scripts. The technique of placing highly imposed linguistic message has also been abandoned for the purpose of decreasing the sense of intrusion to private life and decisions directly. Instead of that, a mini drama script and some famous actresses that became public figures and whose consumption habits become trends and followed by the consumers are used. When it comes to the spaces which are used in these advertisements are also important as one of the non-linguistic components. As I observed, the place is chosen as ones which are most far away from the main issue. One would expect that bathrooms are used in these advertisements but instead of this, broad and bright spaces are used in interior shootings and crowded and alive urban landscapes for external shootings. The message and intention of this choice is to decrease the possible uneasiness of the viewers with the presupposition that menstruation is a disturbing issue which needs not to be talked or displayed with direct references to it. It should be softened and hidden as much as possible. Another message about the places is the emphasis on the modern and urbanized woman who is a part of the dynamic city life. For instance, Molped and Orkid gave this message and Orkid even conducted a promotion campaign with its ‘à ¶zgà ¼r kÄ ±z’ Nil Karaibrahimgil. This ima ge is created exclusively for the campaign and she is portrayed as a free and strong woman who is capable of having a career and children at the same time. Thus, here we see that products promise modernization, urbanization and freedom to women according to new type of ideal woman. Therefore, we see that advertisement also impose a certain life style on women by using identification techniques.